Bibliography & Process Paper |
Image |
Bay Harbor Poolroom. Photograph. Jack Blackman. March 18, 2013. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://joshblackman.com/blog/2013/03/18/constitutional-places-and-faces-gideon-v-wainwright-at-50-years. This is a photograph of the poolroom that Gideon was accused of breaking into. It was taken several years after the case, but it is still a primary source because it displays the building as it actually looked. It illustrates the setting to give viewers a better understanding of the location that started the entire controversy. |
Court Case |
Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942). Accessed December 8, 2013. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0316_0455_ZS.html. Betts v. Brady was a previous court decision that was overturned by Gideon v. Wainwright. In this majority opinion, the Supreme Court explains its decision to uphold a lower court's decision not to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant. It is a primary source because it is the actual opinion of the Supreme Court in a relevant case. I used it to understand the ruling that was overturned by the Gideon case and to help analyze the differing viewpoints on the issue. |
Interview |
Daniels, Nancy. E-mail interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. January 28, 2013. Nancy Daniels leads the Public Defender office of the Second Circuit of Florida, which includes Tallahassee, the capital of the state where Gideon v. Wainwright began. I spoke with her via email, and she provided valuable analysis and opinions on the implications of Gideon as it applies to her office. She is a primary source because all of the information and viewpoints she gives are based on first-hand observations and experiences. |
Image |
Dughi, Don. Portrait of Florida Division of Corrections Director Louis L. Wainwright, Jr. Photograph. 1973. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/103432. Louis Wainwright was the respondent in Gideon v. Wainwright as the director of the Florida Department of Corrections. This photograph shows him sitting in his office. It is a primary source because it shows a figure from the case during the time period. It allowed me to get a visual view of the major players in the Gideon case. |
Press Release |
Florida Department of Corrections. "Louie L. Wainwright's Retirement." News release. February 28, 1987. Louie Wainwright personally gave me this press release announcing his retirement when I met him. It describes his role in the Florida Department of Corrections so I could understand his role in the Gideon case. It is a primary source because it is an original document about one of the figures in Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Letter |
Gideon, Clarence Earl. Clarence Earl Gideon to Florida Supreme Court, "Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus," October 16, 1961. Case 31116. Florida Supreme Court Case Files. Tallahassee, FL. This is a petition by Clarence Earl Gideon for the Florida Supreme Court to hear his case, saying that he was denied his constitutional right to representation by the Court of Bay County. The primary source spells out exactly what he is protesting and the circumstances behind his situation, from his personal perspective. |
Letter |
———. Clarence Earl Gideon to U.S. Supreme Court, "Petition for a Writ of Certiorari," January 5, 1962. 597554. National Archives. Washington, D.C. This is a petition by Clarence Earl Gideon for the U.S. Supreme Court to hear his case after the Florida Supreme Court denied him. Gideon says that he was denied his constitutional right to representation by the Court of Bay County and then by the State of Florida. The primary source spells out exactly what he is protesting and the circumstances behind his situation, from his personal perspective. |
Film |
Gideon's Trumpet: The Poor Man and the Law. Narrated by Martin Agronsky. CBS, 1964. This film, produced by CBS, recreated many of the scenes from the Gideon case and showed interviews with Gideon and other major players in the case. It gave me a better understanding of the opinions and short-term effects of Gideon v. Wainwright with audiovisuals. It is a primary source because it was made in the actual time of this topic and it expresses the views as people saw it then. |
Court Case |
Gideon v. Cochran, 135 So.2d 746 (Supreme Court of Florida 1961). This is the court case that Gideon originally brought to the Florida Supreme Court in October 1961. The case shows the steps Gideon took before filing the major Gideon v. Wainwright decision. It is a primary source because it is from the time period. |
Court Case |
Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 355 (1963). Accessed March 7, 2014. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/372/335. Gideon's court case to the Supreme Court included the arguments and the majority opinion written by Justice Hugo L. Black. It is a primary source because it includes actual documents and proceedings that were used in the effort to expand rights and responsibilities. I used the majority opinion to get a fuller view of the reasoning behind the Court's ruling in favor of Gideon. |
Court Case |
Gideon v. Wainwright, 153 So.2d 299 (Supreme Court of Florida 1963). Accessed March 19, 2014. https://www.courtlistener.com/fla/9SHe/gideon-v-wainwright. This document is the opinion of the Supreme Court of Florida following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Gideon v. Wainwright. The opinion explains the Florida Supreme Court's justification for originally denying Gideon's petition, and it also briefly states the implications relating to Gideon and Florida. The primary source was most helpful in understanding why the Florida Supreme Court turned down Gideon's original petition in 1962. |
Image |
Harris, George W., and Martha Ewing. Hugo La Fayette Black. Photograph. November 18, 1937. Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. Accessed January 22, 2014. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3a34024/. Hugo Black was the Supreme Court justice who wrote the Majority Opinion for Gideon. This photograph displays him in his robe as a Court justice. It is a primary source because it shows a figure from the case during the general time period. It allowed me to get a visual view of the major players in the Gideon case. |
Film |
Jacob, Bruce R. "50th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright." Speech presented at University of Florida College of Law, Gainesville, FL, September 19, 2013. C-Span. Video file, 55:24. Posted by C-span, September 19, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Gid. Bruce Jacob was the attorney for Wainwright, arguing Florida's position to the Supreme Court. In this video, he describes this experience to an audience of law students and professors fifty years later. This is a primary source because it is personal reflection. It gave me a better understanding of the issue from his perspective. |
Interview |
———. E-mail interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. March 18, 2014. This e-mail interview with Bruce Jacob cleared up some confusing details about the Gideon case for me. I also quoted some of Jacob's responses throughout my website. It is a primary source because Jacob was one of the attorneys in Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Journal |
———. "Memories of and Reflections about Gideon v. Wainwright." Stetson Law Review XXXIII (2003): 181-298. Bruce Jacob was the attorney for Wainwright, arguing Florida's position to the Supreme Court. He wrote this article describing the entire case as he saw it, from his appointment as Florida's attorney to the aftermath of the decision.This is a primary source because it is personal reflection. It gave me a better understanding of the issue from his perspective, and it was also a very helpful source for detailed information about the circumstances of the case and its effects. |
Speech |
Kennedy, Robert F. Speech, New England Conference on the Defense of Indigent Persons Accused, Parker House, Boston, November 1, 1963. In this speech by Robert F. Kennedy, the Attorney General addresses legal issues of poor people, with emphasis on the recent Gideon v. Wainwright decision. It is a primary source because it was the opinion of a person from the actual time period. I used it to understand the different opinions of people on the case. |
Journal |
Krash, Abe. "Architects of Gideon: Remembering Abe Fortas and Hugo Black." The Champion, March 1998. Accessed January 28, 2014. http://www.nacdl.org/Champion/Articles/98mar02.htm. Abe Krash was an assistant to Abe Fortas, the attorney who argued Gideon's case. His first-hand experience makes this a primary source. In the article, he describes Fortas and Justice Hugo Black in great detail before summarizing the importance of the Gideon decision. His description of Fortas and analysis of the case gave me a more complete understanding of the importance of the ruling in Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Interview |
———. Telephone interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. May 19, 2014. I spoke with Abe Krash to get an idea of the Gideon case from his perspective. He explained his role (he was an assistant to Gideon's attorney), how the Gideon decision impacted constitutional interpretation, and the current situation of indigent defense. Krash is a primary source because he was involved in the actual case. |
Book |
Lewis, Anthony. Gideon's Trumpet. 1966 ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1964. An in-depth look into the history of the Gideon v. Wainwright case, Gideon’s Trumpet is a major source on this topic, explaining the entire case in great detail. Anthony Lewis followed the case first-hand and the majority of the book is based on his personal observations, so it is a primary source. It helps show how incredible it was that Gideon’s case was selected and it describes the implications and effects in great detail. |
Newspaper |
———. "Supreme Court Extends Ruling on Free Counsel." New York Times (New York), March 19, 1963. Accessed December 12, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/03/15/us/gideon-wainwright-original-times-article.html. This was the original article published in The New York Times reporting on the Gideon ruling the day after the decision. It discusses the ruling, similar cases, and projected implications. I mainly used the primary source to get a feeling for how people felt about the decision. |
Letter |
McCrary, Robert L. Robert L. McCrary to Bruce Jacob, 1962. In a personal letter to the attorney for Florida in the Supreme Court case, the judge who presided over Gideon's original trial explains his decision to deny Gideon's request for counsel. It is a primary source because it was the actual opinion of someone during the events. It shows the reasoning for denying the request, displaying more perspectives on the issue. |
Report |
National Right to Counsel Committee. Justice Denied: America’s Continuing Neglect of Our Constitutional Right to Counsel. Washington, DC: Constitution Project, 2009. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/139.pdf. This report was co-published by the Constitution Project and the National Legal Aid & Defender Association. It describes the current situation of indigent defendants receiving poor legal counsel due to a lack of funding for public defender offices. The report helped me understand the problem and possible solutions. This is a primary source because it is an original investigation with first-hand observations of the issue. |
Image |
Okamoto, Yoichi. Abe Fortas Smokes Cigarette in Meeting. Photograph. 1964. Stock Photo IH038600. Corbis Images. New York. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/IH038600/abe-fortas-smokes-cigarette-in-meeting. This photograph of Abe Fortas shows the high-profile attorney smoking a cigarette in a meeting. His confidence and personality are brilliantly represented in the picture, allowing me to get a better understanding of his character. This is a primary source because it is from the time period of Gideon and it displays an actual figure from the case. |
Film |
Porter, Dawn, dir. Gideon's Army. Trilogy Films, 2013. Gideon's Army is a recent critically acclaimed documentary highlighting the struggles facing states today with implementing the Gideon decision. I used it to understand the challenges for public defenders and possible solutions. This was created long after the time of the Gideon case, but because I was using it to research present-day issues, and this video is a direct firsthand view of these issues, it is a primary source. |
Court Case |
Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932). Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/287/45. Powell v. Alabama was the first major Supreme Court case to grant rights to indigent defendants, and Justice Black used much of the rationale from the Powell decision in his own majority opinion for Gideon. I used the majority opinion of Powell to gain a better understanding of the precedents that had already been set. This is a primary source because it is an actual document used in the topic. |
Report |
Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defendants. Gideon’s Broken Promise: America’s Continuing Quest for Equal Justice. Chicago: American Bar Association, 2004. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/ This report, by the American Bar Association, describes the current situation of indigent defendants receiving poor legal counsel due to a lack of funding for public defender offices. The report helped me understand the problem and possible solutions. This is a primary source because it is an original investigation with first-hand observations of the issue. |
Newspaper |
St. Petersberg Times (St. Petersberg, FL). "Gideon Gets Acquittal in Landmark Law Case." August 6, 1963, 2-B. Accessed March 7, 2014. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m-UlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MVIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5230%2C3087301. This newspaper article explains Gideon's retrial after the Supreme Court decision. I used it for details on that event. It is a primary source because it was an original article from the time period. |
Court Case |
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Accessed May 17, 2014. Strickland was a subsequent Supreme Court case that established the requirements for adequate counsel. Gideon only stated that all indigents must have counsel; Strickland ruled that counsel must be adequate. The majority opinion of this case shows how Gideon influenced later Supreme Court cases. This case is a primary source because it is a firsthand example of Gideon's lasting effects. |
Image |
Tallahassee Democrat. Governor Farris Bryant Addressing Joint Assembly of the Florida Legislature. Photograph. April 2, 1963. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. This photograph shows the opening day of Florida's legislature in 1963, the session that established a public defender system in Florida. Florida was the epicenter of the case, and this picture helps to visualize the developments following the decision. Originally published by the local newspaper of Tallahassee and hosted on the internet by the State Archives, this picture is a primary source of the 1963 events. |
Document |
U.S. Const. amend. V, VI, XIV. Accessed January 28, 2014. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html. The U.S. Constitution has a few amendments in particular that were the basis of Gideon v. Wainwright: Amendment V (Due Process Clause), Amendment VI (Assistance of Counsel), and Amendment XIV (Equal Protection Clause). The Constitution is a primary source because it is the actual document being referenced in the case. Reading these key amendments allowed me to understand the background of the case. |
Document |
United States Supreme Court. United States Supreme Court to Supreme Court of Florida, court mandate, "Mandate from the United States Supreme Court," April 15, 1963. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. This is the mandate that the U.S. Supreme Court sent to Florida following the Gideon decision, informing Florida's Supreme Court that its lower decision had been overruled and that the state must now act consistently with the decision. It is a primary source and gave me a direct statement of the rights granted in the decision, and thus the responsibilities that Florida and other states now had to fulfill. |
Interview |
Wainwright, Louie L. Interview by the author. Westminster Oaks, Tallahassee, FL. March 10, 2014. Louie Wainwright was the respondent in Gideon v. Wainwright. I interviewed him in person, and he was able to explain the effects and implications of Gideon from the perspective of both an informed American and the Director of the Florida Department of Corrections. He is a primary source because he was a major figure from the case and the time period. |
Image |
Wisner, Woody. Portrait of Clarence Earl Gideon. Photograph. 1961. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. Accessed February 9, 2014. http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/35169. This is a photograph of Clarence Earl Gideon taken shortly after his arrest in 1961. It shows the pain and emotion that he experienced surrounding the situation and gave me a visual of his feelings and appearance. This is a primary source because it was originally taken as a photo for government records. |
Secondary Sources
Image |
Abe Krash. Photograph. National Law Journal. March 18, 2013. Accessed May 19, 2014. This is a photograph of Abe Krash, whom I interviewed and quoted. I used it as a visual on the page about his interview. Although Krash is a primary source, the photo is recent and not from the time period of the case, so this is a secondary source. |
Journal |
Arulanantham, Ahilan, and Lucas Guttentag. "Extending the Promise of Gideon: Immigration, Deportation, and the Right to Counsel." Human Rights 39, no. 4 (April 2013). Accessed February 9, 2014. http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/2013_vol_39/vol_30_no_4_gideon/ This article, published in a journal by the American Bar Association, examines the situation of immigrants and their right to counsel. I used it particularly for its brief history of pre-Gideon decisions on the topic. It is a secondary source because the information contained in the article was from other sources, as the events happened more than seventy years ago. |
Website |
Bergman, Paul. "Felonies, Misdemeanors, and Infractions: Classifying Crimes." NOLO: Law for All. Last modified 2004. Accessed March 15, 2014. http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/crimes-felonies-misdemeanors-infractions-classification-33814.html. This online article, sponsored by Nolo, explains the differences between felonies and misdemeanors. I was able to quote its definitions to explain those differences. It is a secondary source, as it does not directly relate to Gideon. |
Website |
Bikel, Ofra. "The Plea: Introduction." Frontline. Last modified June 17, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plea/etc/synopsis.html. This is the website of “The Plea,” a PBS documentary from the series Frontline. Sponsored by PBS, the pages of this site explain what plea bargains are as well as the pros and cons of using them instead of criminal trials. The website helped me understand how Gideon influenced the rise of plea bargains and why that’s important. |
Journal |
Blume, John H., and Sheri Lynn Johnson. "Gideon Exceptionalism?" Yale Law Journal 122, no. 8 (June 2013): 2106-26. Accessed May 16, 2014. http://www.yalelawjournal.org/essay/gideon-exceptionalism. In this journal article, John H. Blume and Sheri Lynn Johnson discuss the effects of Gideon with particular emphasis on the shortcomings of its implications. I mainly used it to understand these shortcomings but also to get an idea of Gideon’s effects as a whole. The article is a secondary source because it was written long after the Gideon case. |
Journal |
Butler, Paul D. "Poor People Lose: Gideon and the Critique of Rights." Yale Law Journal 122, no. 8 (June 2013): 2176-204. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/1179.pdf. This essay, published in the Yale Law Journal, is one of the few critiques of the Gideon decision. Law professor Paul D. Butler asserts that poor defendants were actually better off before Gideon. It is a secondary source because it is based on research, and it presents the opposite side from the norm so I could understand the entire issue from multiple perspectives. |
Journal |
Chemerinsky, Erwin. "Lessons from Gideon." Yale Law Journal 122, no. 8 (June 2013): 2106-720. Accessed May 16, 2014. http://www.yalelawjournal.org/address/lessons-from-gideon. In this address, published in the Yale Law Journal, Erwin Chemerinsky gives remarks on the problems with the Gideon decision today and possible ways to fix them. I quoted him to demonstrate the effects on Gideon on prosecutions against the poor. Chemerinsky is a secondary source because this is not from the time of the case. |
Website |
Chicago-Kent College of Law. "Arsenger v. Hamlin." The Oyez Project. Last modified December 29, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_70_5015. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, briefly summarizes Argersinger v. Hamiln (1971), which was a subsequent case that expanded on the Gideon ruling. The secondary source provided me with basic information so I could understand the Argersinger case. |
Website |
———. "Gideon v. Wainwright." The Oyez Project. Accessed March 19, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1962/1962_155#sort=seniority. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, summarizes the Gideon case and contains recordings of the oral arguments. It is a secondary source because much of the content was compiled recently based on research. The oral arguments were helpful for understanding the points and opinions of each side. |
Website |
———. "Miranda v. Arizona." The Oyez Project. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1965/1965_759. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, explains Miranda v. Arizona, a subsequent case that was influenced by Gideon. It allowed me to see why Gideon was important even in future cases. This is a secondary source as it was compiled recently. |
Website |
———. "Scott v. Illinois." The Oyez Project. Last modified December 29, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1978/1978_77_1177. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, briefly summarizes Scott v. Illinois (1978), which was a subsequent case that expanded on the Gideon ruling. The secondary source provided me with basic information so I could understand the Scott case. |
Newspaper |
Clarke, Matthew. "Dramatic Increase in Percentage of Criminal Cases Being Plea Bargained." Prison Legal News (Lake Worth, FL), January 2013, 20. Sponsored by Prison Legal News, this online article discusses the problems with increased use of plea bargains. The author, Matthew Clarke, mentioned some startling statistics that I included in the page “Plea Bargains.” It also briefly explained how Gideon partly contributed to this trend. It is a secondary source as it was based on research. |
Website |
Cohen, Andrew. "The Lawyer Who Won by Losing." Esquire. Last modified March 22, 2013. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/bruce-jacob-gideon-case-profile-032213. Sponsored by Esquire, Andrew Cohen's article about Bruce Jacob explains the Florida attorney's experience representing Wainwright and its impacts on him. I mainly used this secondary source for the picture of Jacob, but the article also gave me deeper insights about the process of the case. |
Journal |
Consortium for the National Equal Justice Library, and Washington College of Law of the American University. "Conference on the 30th Anniversary of the United States Supreme Court's Decision in Gideon v. Wainwright: Gideon and the Public Service Role of Lawyers in Advancing Equal Justice." The American University Law Review 43, no. 1 (1993): 1-48. This source has conference proceedings of the Conference on the 30th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright, published in the American University Law Review. It has several speakers who each give their opinions of the case, providing a wide range of perspectives. Overall it is a secondary source although many of the speakers are individually primary sources. |
Image |
Cortada, Xavier. Gideon v. Wainwright. Illustration. 2004. May It Please the Court. Supreme Court of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. Xavier Cortada's painting of Clarence Earl Gideon takes creative liberties in illustrating Gideon writing his petition. The exaggerations and abstract interpretations display the feelings of Americans about this case. It is a secondary source because it was created long after the time period. |
Film |
Defending Gideon. Directed by Rebecca Richman Cohen. New Media Advocacy Project, 2013. Accessed December 8, 2013. http://www.constitutionproject.org/publications-resources/defending-gideon/. This documentary describes the Gideon case using illustrations and footage from the actual time. At least half of the film focuses on later developments, but I mainly used the explanation and analysis of Gideon. Although it includes many primary sources, it is a secondary source because it was made fifty years later by people who were never there. |
Film |
Due Process. "Let's Make a Deal: The Plea Bargain." Rutgers. December 9, 2012. Produced by Sandra King. Although this video was produced by a local news station from New Jersey, it has an excellent illustration of the problems with plea bargains. I included a short clip in the “Plea Bargains” page. Viewing this video allowed me to understand and explain how Gideon contributed to the increased use of plea bargains. This is a secondary source. |
Website |
Florida's 2nd Circuit Public Defender Office. "Homepage." 2nd Circuit Public Defender. Accessed March 18, 2014. http://flpd2.com. This webpage, sponsored by the Public Defender's Office of the Second Circuit of Florida, contains an image and information about Nancy Daniels, the chief public defender of the greater Tallahassee area, whom I spoke with via e-mail. I mainly used the secondary source for the picture of Nancy Daniels. |
Book |
Fridell, Ron. Gideon v. Wainwright: The Right to Free Counsel. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish, 2007. This book examines the entire Gideon case, including the details of the crime and court proceedings, other relevant decisions, and the effects of the ruling. I used the secondary source mainly to understand the consequences and implications of the Supreme Court's ruling in the Gideon case. |
Film |
Gideon's Trumpet. Directed by Robert L. Collins. Worldvision, 1980. Gideon's Trumpet is a 1980 movie recreating the Gideon case. The facts and events depicted in the film are accurate, but I mainly used the movie for visual illustrations of the Gideon case. It is a secondary source because it does not contain original footage; it is a recreation of what actually happened. |
Book |
Goode, Stephen. The Controversial Court: Supreme Court Influences on American Life. New York: Messner, 1982. This book describes the Supreme Court cases that faced the Warren and Burger Courts in the late twentieth century. I used this for the description of the Gideon case and the analysis of how it affected the nation and future cases. It is a secondary source because it was compiled long after the case and used primary sources. |
Journal |
Grine, Alyson. "Delivering on Gideon’s Promise: North Carolina’s Efforts to Enhance Legal Representation for the Poor." Popular Government 74, no. 1 (Fall 2008): 6-19. Accessed January 29, 2014. http://sogpubs.unc.edu//electronicversions/pg/pgfal08/article1.pdf. This article explains the Gideon case and discusses the status of its application today. I mainly found useful the description and wordings of the case for understanding the case as a whole. The sections I used were based on research, so this is a secondary source. |
Report |
Hartney, Christopher. US Rates of Incarceration: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2006. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.nccdglobal.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/factsheet-us-incarceration.pdf. In this factsheet, the National Council on Crime and Delinquency details many of the problems with the U.S.'s high incarceration rate. One legal scholar believes Gideon was a factor in the high incarceration rate, so the charts in this report help to visualize some of the statistics in question. It is a secondary source, and it broadened my perspective on the U.S.'s corrections program compared to other nations' programs. |
Report |
Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Albany, NY: University at Albany, 2003. This report contains hundreds of tables and charts with statistics about criminal justice. I used the chart with incarceration rates from 1925 through 2003 to analyze Paul Butler's criticisms of the Gideon decision. It is a secondary source because the data was obtained from other sources. |
Speech |
Holder, Eric. "Speech." Speech presented at National Summit on Indigent Defense, New Orleans, February 4, 2012. U.S. Department of Justice. Last modified February 4, 2012. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag-speech-120204.html. This is the transcript for a speech by Eric Holder, the current U.S. Attorney General, at the National Summit on Indigent Defense in 2012. It is hosted on the Department of Justice website. In it, Holder gives his opinion on the situation of indigent defense and states that public defenders do not have the resources to properly defend clients. This helps me understand the current situation of the extent of the effectiveness of Gideon today. The speech is a secondary source because Holder uses information compiled from other sources. |
Book |
Houppert, Karen. Chasing Gideon: The Elusive Quest for Poor People's Justice. New York: New Press, 2013. Fifty years after Gideon, this book describes the case and analyzes the extent to which it is working, with depressing results. I used this secondary source to get a better understanding of the case and its implications. |
Audio Podcast |
Johnson, Carrie. "50 Years after Key Case, Problems Defending the Poor Persist." NPR Morning Edition. Podcast audio. March 15, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.npr.org/2013/03/15/174331300/50-years-after-key-case-problems-defending-the-poor-persist. In this audio podcast from NPR, the host and a speaker discuss a possible solution to help implement Gideon more fully. It provides more opinions on the issue of indigent defense today. This is a secondary source because it is not from the time period of Gideon. |
Film |
Key Constitutional Concepts. Produced by Robe Imbriano. PJ Productions, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2013. http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/key-constitutional-concepts. This is an education video with four sections, one of which is about the Gideon v. Wainwright case. It was particularly helpful explaining the specifics and significance of the Court's decision. The video is a secondary source because it is based on research and not original experience. |
Website |
Kornwitz, Jason. "The Lasting Impact of Historic Gideon Ruling." News at Northeastern. Last modified March 18, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.northeastern.edu/news/2013/03/gideonwainwright/. Sponsored by Northeastern University, this article briefly summarizes the Gideon case and presents three questions and answers relating to the current status of Gideon's effects. I mainly used it to understand this current status and what could be done to improve it. This article is a secondary source as the author did not personally experience Gideon's effects. |
Journal |
Krislov, Samuel. "The Amicus Curiae Brief: From Friendship to Advocacy." Yale Law Journal 72, no. 4 (March 1963): 694-721. This article discusses the concept of amicus curiae, which today means a person who writes a brief for a court explaining his or her opinion on the issue at hand. It gave me a better understanding of the term, which is crucial for understanding the states' opinions of Gideon v. Wainwright. It is a secondary source because it was based on research. |
Report |
Langton, Lynn, and Donald J. Farole, Jr. Public Defender Offices, 2007 - Statistical Tables. Census of Public Defender Offices, 2007. Washington, DC: Bureau Of Justice Statistics, 2009. In this report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics displays information about public defender offices as of 2007. I used the data to create the map on the "Implications & Effects" page. It is a secondary source because it is not from the time of Gideon. |
Film, Article |
Levintova, Hannah, Jaeah Lee, and Brett Brownwell. "Charts: Why You're in Deep Trouble If You Can't Afford a Lawyer." Mother Jones (San Francisco), May 16, 2013. Accessed December 12, 2013. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/05/public-defenders-gideon-supreme-court-charts. This investigative video and article discusses the extent to which the Gideon ruling still holds effect today. It is a secondary source because it is based on primary sources. The charts and data were useful for understanding the effects from a statistical perspective. |
Website |
McBride, Alex. "Landmark Cases: Gideon v. Wainwright." PBS: The Supreme Court. Accessed November 29, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_gideon.html. This is an article on PBS covering the entire Gideon case, from his arrest to the effects of the ruling. It is a secondary source because it was written long after the case and relies on primary sources. It helps me understand the implications of the Supreme Court’s decision from a broad perspective. |
Website |
Missouri Bar. "The 50th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright." Missouri Bar. Last modified 2013. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.mobar.org/gideon. The Missouri Bar created a webpage briefly describing the Gideon case with videos and a timeline. I used several of the images in my website. It is a secondary source because it was created fifty years after the case using primary sources. |
Website |
Monk, Linda R. "Due Process Clause, Equal Protection Clause, and Disenfranchising Felons." Constitution USA with Peter Sagal. Last modified March 25, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.pbs.org/tpt/constitution-usa-peter-sagal/equality/due-process-equal-protection-and-disenfranchisement. This website, sponsored by PBS, explains the concept of due process. I used it to define the Due Process Clause and to develop my understanding of this concept. It is a secondary source. |
Image |
Morse, Nathan. Bay County Public Defender's Office. Photograph. December 21, 2013. I took this photograph of the Public Defender's Office in Panama City while visiting the area to look at the Gideon sites. It is on the "Implications & Effects" page to show the direct effects of Gideon v. Wainwright in the city where it began. The photograph is a secondary source because it is not a firsthand account of the events of Gideon. (It is also not the original building of the Public Defender's office.) |
Image |
———. The Poolroom Site Today. Photograph. December 2013. I took this photograph of the site of the poolroom that Gideon was accused of breaking into in Panama City while visiting the area to look at the Gideon sites. It is on the "Gideon's Trial" page to show help illustrate the impoverished area where Gideon lived. The photograph is a secondary source because it was taken long after Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Map & Chart |
———. "States' Opinions of Gideon v. Wainwright." Map. 2014. This map displays the states that sided with Gideon, those that sided with Florida, and those that did not respond when asked. I created the map using data from Defending Gideon. It is on the "States' Opinions" page to show the surprising support for Gideon. It is a secondary source because it was created long after the time period. |
Website |
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. "Gideon 50th Anniversary." Foundation for Criminal Justice. Last modified July 27, 2012. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.nacdl.org/gideon. This website, sponsored by the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, has a brief article about a celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright and a PDF file of the transcript of Gideon's original trial. I integrated this transcript into my website and it gave me a better understanding of the trial that started the entire case. The website is a secondary source. |
Audio Podcast |
Neary, Lynn. "After 50 Years, a State of Crisis for the Right to Counsel." NPR Talk of the Nation. Podcast audio. March 19, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.npr.org/2013/03/19/174753333/after-50-years-a-state-of-crisis-for-the-right-to-counsel. This is an audio report by NPR in which host Lynn Neary interviews Stephen Bright, an advocate for indigent defendants. He summarizes the Gideon case and explains problems fulfilling its implications. I mainly found useful his summary of the case and its effects, but his concerns with the problems today were also of use. Most of the information that I used was secondary source material because it was based on research. |
Newsletter |
"New Findings on Salaries for Public Interest Attorneys." NALP Bulletin, September 2010. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.nalp.org/sept2010pubintsal. Published by the NALP, this article states the findings of a study on public defender salaries in the U.S. I compared these salaries to costs of imprisonment to determine if increasing funding for public defenders would be cheaper for taxpayers. The statistics gave me a more precise view of indigent defense from an economic viewpoint. The article is a secondary source as it is based on research rather than original observation. |
Image |
Parada, Roberto. Clarence Earl Gideon. Illustration. American Bar Association Journal. March 1, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/fifty_years_after_gideon_lawyers_still_struggle_to_provide_counsel/. This painting illustrates Gideon in front of the courtroom of the Supreme Court, his face saddened yet hopeful. It is a good visual for understanding the feelings that went into the case. Because it was created long after the case and after Gideon died, it is a secondary source. |
Film |
PBS Frontline. "The Plea." WGBH Boston. June 17, 2004. Produced by Ofra Bikel. This PBS television program investigates the current problems with plea bargaining. I learned how Gideon contributed to the increased use of plea bargaining, allowing me to understand the critiques instead of just the benefits of the Gideon decision. This is a secondary source as it is not original from the Gideon case. |
Website |
President and Fellows of Harvard College. "Profile: Paul Butler ’86 Used to Put People Away—Now He Wants to Set Them Free." Harvard Law Bulletin. Last modified 2010. Accessed March 15, 2014. http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2010/summer/cn_03.php. This webpage, sponsored by Harvard University, briefly talks about Paul Butler, a critic of the Gideon decision. I mainly used it for the photograph of Butler. It is a secondary source. |
Report |
Salas, Nashla, comp. NYC’s Jail Population: Who’s There and Why? New York: Independent Budget Office of New York City, 2012. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/printnycbtn20.pdf. This brief report by the New York City Independent Budget Office lists several statistics for New York City jails. I used the staggering price of maintaining jails per inmate in a comparison with funding for public defenders to display the problems with underfunding public defender offices. The report is a secondary source as the statistics were compiled from other sources. |
Image |
Samuel R. Wiseman. Photograph. Florida State University College of Law. Accessed May 17, 2014. http://www.law.fsu.edu/faculty/swiseman.html. This is a photograph of Samuel Wiseman, whom I interviewed and quoted. I used it as a visual on the page about his interview. The photograph is a secondary source as it is not from the era of the Gideon case. |
Film |
Section of Litigation. "The 50th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright." American Bar Association. Video file, 1:04:41. January 18, 2013. Accessed March 7, 2014. http://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/events_cle/live-streaming.html. This is a video showing a conference discussing the extent to which Gideon is working today. It is a secondary source because much of it is not original research, even though it does contain primary sources. The video helped me understand the different opinions and perspectives of Gideon v. Wainwright today. |
Audio |
Shapiro, Joseph. "As Court Fees Rise, The Poor Are Paying The Price." NPR: All Things Considered. Podcast audio. May 19, 2014. Accessed May 20, 2014.http://www.npr.org/2014/05/19/312158516/increasing-court-fees-punish-the-poor. In this audio news podcast, NPR host Joseph Shapiro explains that many states are charging indigent defendants for public defender services. This is startling news that broadens my understanding of the situation of indigent defense today. This is a secondary source as it required other sources for research. |
Website |
Stetson University. "Bruce R. Jacob." Stetson Law. Accessed March 18, 2014. http://www.stetson.edu/law/faculty/jacob-bruce-r. This webpage, sponsored by Steston University, briefly talks about Bruce Jacob, an attorney in the Gideon case. I mainly used it for the photograph of Jacob. It is a secondary source. |
Magazine |
"Too Poor to Be Defended." The Economist, April 9, 1998. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.economist.com/node/159528. This is an article published by The Economist discussing the problems with today's public defender systems. The secondary source provides an in-depth analysis that helped me understand the extent to which the Gideon decision is still struggling to be fulfilled today. |
Website |
United States Department of Justice. "Felony Defendants." Bureau of Justice Statistics. Last modified March 16, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=231. This online article, sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, explains what felonies are. I was able to quote its definitions to explain what a felony is. It is a secondary source, as it does not directly relate to Gideon. |
Interview |
Wiseman, Samuel. Telephone interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. May 16, 2014. Samuel Wiseman is a professor of law at the Florida State University. He told me about the implications and effects of Gideon as well as the current situation of indigent defense, allowing me to understand the case from a legal and constitutional perspective. He is a secondary source, since his information was based on other sources. |
Journal |
Arulanantham, Ahilan, and Lucas Guttentag. "Extending the Promise of Gideon: Immigration, Deportation, and the Right to Counsel." Human Rights 39, no. 4 (April 2013). Accessed February 9, 2014. http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/2013_vol_39/vol_30_no_4_gideon/ This article, published in a journal by the American Bar Association, examines the situation of immigrants and their right to counsel. I used it particularly for its brief history of pre-Gideon decisions on the topic. It is a secondary source because the information contained in the article was from other sources, as the events happened more than seventy years ago. |
Journal |
Blume, John H., and Sheri Lynn Johnson. "Gideon Exceptionalism?" Yale Law Journal 122, no. 8 (June 2013): 2106-26. Accessed May 16, 2014. http://www.yalelawjournal.org/essay/gideon-exceptionalism. In this journal article, John H. Blume and Sheri Lynn Johnson discuss the effects of Gideon with particular emphasis on the shortcomings of its implications. I mainly used it to understand these shortcomings but also to get an idea of Gideon’s effects as a whole. The article is a secondary source because it was written long after the Gideon case. |
Journal |
Butler, Paul D. "Poor People Lose: Gideon and the Critique of Rights." Yale Law Journal 122, no. 8 (June 2013): 2176-204. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/1179.pdf. This essay, published in the Yale Law Journal, is one of the few critiques of the Gideon decision. Law professor Paul D. Butler asserts that poor defendants were actually better off before Gideon. It is a secondary source because it is based on research, and it presents the opposite side from the norm so I could understand the entire issue from multiple perspectives. |
Journal |
Chemerinsky, Erwin. "Lessons from Gideon." Yale Law Journal 122, no. 8 (June 2013): 2106-720. Accessed May 16, 2014. http://www.yalelawjournal.org/address/lessons-from-gideon. In this address, published in the Yale Law Journal, Erwin Chemerinsky gives remarks on the problems with the Gideon decision today and possible ways to fix them. I quoted him to demonstrate the effects on Gideon on prosecutions against the poor. Chemerinsky is a secondary source because this is not from the time of the case. |
Newspaper |
Clarke, Matthew. "Dramatic Increase in Percentage of Criminal Cases Being Plea Bargained." Prison Legal News (Lake Worth, FL), January 2013, 20. Sponsored by Prison Legal News, this online article discusses the problems with increased use of plea bargains. The author, Matthew Clarke, mentioned some startling statistics that I included in the page “Plea Bargains.” It also briefly explained how Gideon partly contributed to this trend. It is a secondary source as it was based on research. |
Journal |
Consortium for the National Equal Justice Library, and Washington College of Law of the American University. "Conference on the 30th Anniversary of the United States Supreme Court's Decision in Gideon v. Wainwright: Gideon and the Public Service Role of Lawyers in Advancing Equal Justice." The American University Law Review 43, no. 1 (1993): 1-48. This source has conference proceedings of the Conference on the 30th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright, published in the American University Law Review. It has several speakers who each give their opinions of the case, providing a wide range of perspectives. Overall it is a secondary source although many of the speakers are individually primary sources. |
Journal |
Grine, Alyson. "Delivering on Gideon’s Promise: North Carolina’s Efforts to Enhance Legal Representation for the Poor." Popular Government 74, no. 1 (Fall 2008): 6-19. Accessed January 29, 2014. http://sogpubs.unc.edu//electronicversions/pg/pgfal08/article1.pdf. This article explains the Gideon case and discusses the status of its application today. I mainly found useful the description and wordings of the case for understanding the case as a whole. The sections I used were based on research, so this is a secondary source. |
Journal |
Jacob, Bruce R. "Memories of and Reflections about Gideon v. Wainwright." Stetson Law Review XXXIII (2003): 181-298. Bruce Jacob was the attorney for Wainwright, arguing Florida's position to the Supreme Court. He wrote this article describing the entire case as he saw it, from his appointment as Florida's attorney to the aftermath of the decision.This is a primary source because it is personal reflection. It gave me a better understanding of the issue from his perspective, and it was also a very helpful source for detailed information about the circumstances of the case and its effects. |
Journal |
Krash, Abe. "Architects of Gideon: Remembering Abe Fortas and Hugo Black." The Champion, March 1998. Accessed January 28, 2014. http://www.nacdl.org/Champion/Articles/98mar02.htm. Abe Krash was an assistant to Abe Fortas, the attorney who argued Gideon's case. His first-hand experience makes this a primary source. In the article, he describes Fortas and Justice Hugo Black in great detail before summarizing the importance of the Gideon decision. His description of Fortas and analysis of the case gave me a more complete understanding of the importance of the ruling in Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Journal |
Krislov, Samuel. "The Amicus Curiae Brief: From Friendship to Advocacy." Yale Law Journal 72, no. 4 (March 1963): 694-721. This article discusses the concept of amicus curiae, which today means a person who writes a brief for a court explaining his or her opinion on the issue at hand. It gave me a better understanding of the term, which is crucial for understanding the states' opinions of Gideon v. Wainwright. It is a secondary source because it was based on research. |
Newspaper |
Lewis, Anthony. "Supreme Court Extends Ruling on Free Counsel." New York Times (New York), March 19, 1963. Accessed December 12, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/03/15/us/gideon-wainwright-original-times-article.html. This was the original article published in The New York Times reporting on the Gideon ruling the day after the decision. It discusses the ruling, similar cases, and projected implications. I mainly used the primary source to get a feeling for how people felt about the decision. |
Newsletter |
"New Findings on Salaries for Public Interest Attorneys." NALP Bulletin, September 2010. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.nalp.org/sept2010pubintsal. Published by the NALP, this article states the findings of a study on public defender salaries in the U.S. I compared these salaries to costs of imprisonment to determine if increasing funding for public defenders would be cheaper for taxpayers. The statistics gave me a more precise view of indigent defense from an economic viewpoint. The article is a secondary source as it is based on research rather than original observation. |
Newspaper |
St. Petersberg Times (St. Petersberg, FL). "Gideon Gets Acquittal in Landmark Law Case." August 6, 1963, 2-B. Accessed March 7, 2014. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m-UlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MVIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5230%2C3087301. This newspaper article explains Gideon's retrial after the Supreme Court decision. I used it for details on that event. It is a primary source because it was an original article from the time period. |
Magazine |
"Too Poor to Be Defended." The Economist, April 9, 1998. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.economist.com/node/159528. This is an article published by The Economist discussing the problems with today's public defender systems. The secondary source provides an in-depth analysis that helped me understand the extent to which the Gideon decision is still struggling to be fulfilled today. |
Non-Periodicals
Press Release |
Florida Department of Corrections. "Louie L. Wainwright's Retirement." News release. February 28, 1987. Louie Wainwright personally gave me this press release announcing his retirement when I met him. It describes his role in the Florida Department of Corrections so I could understand his role in the Gideon case. It is a primary source because it is an original document about one of the figures in Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Book |
Fridell, Ron. Gideon v. Wainwright: The Right to Free Counsel. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish, 2007. This book examines the entire Gideon case, including the details of the crime and court proceedings, other relevant decisions, and the effects of the ruling. I used the secondary source mainly to understand the consequences and implications of the Supreme Court's ruling in the Gideon case. |
Book |
Goode, Stephen. The Controversial Court: Supreme Court Influences on American Life. New York: Messner, 1982. This book describes the Supreme Court cases that faced the Warren and Burger Courts in the late twentieth century. I used this for the description of the Gideon case and the analysis of how it affected the nation and future cases. It is a secondary source because it was compiled long after the case and used primary sources. |
Report |
Hartney, Christopher. US Rates of Incarceration: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2006. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.nccdglobal.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/factsheet-us-incarceration.pdf. In this factsheet, the National Council on Crime and Delinquency details many of the problems with the U.S.'s high incarceration rate. One legal scholar believes Gideon was a factor in the high incarceration rate, so the charts in this report help to visualize some of the statistics in question. It is a secondary source, and it broadened my perspective on the U.S.'s corrections program compared to other nations' programs. |
Book |
Houppert, Karen. Chasing Gideon: The Elusive Quest for Poor People's Justice. New York: New Press, 2013. Fifty years after Gideon, this book describes the case and analyzes the extent to which it is working, with depressing results. I used this secondary source to get a better understanding of the case and its implications. |
Report |
Langton, Lynn, and Donald J. Farole, Jr. Public Defender Offices, 2007 - Statistical Tables. Census of Public Defender Offices, 2007. Washington, DC: Bureau Of Justice Statistics, 2009. In this report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics displays information about public defender offices as of 2007. I used the data to create the map on the "Implications & Effects" page. It is a secondary source because it is not from the time of Gideon. |
Book |
Lewis, Anthony. Gideon's Trumpet. 1966 ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1964. An in-depth look into the history of the Gideon v. Wainwright case, Gideon’s Trumpet is a major source on this topic, explaining the entire case in great detail. Anthony Lewis followed the case first-hand and the majority of the book is based on his personal observations, so it is a primary source. It helps show how incredible it was that Gideon’s case was selected and it describes the implications and effects in great detail. |
Report |
National Right to Counsel Committee. Justice Denied: America’s Continuing Neglect of Our Constitutional Right to Counsel. Washington, DC: Constitution Project, 2009. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/139.pdf. This report was co-published by the Constitution Project and the National Legal Aid & Defender Association. It describes the current situation of indigent defendants receiving poor legal counsel due to a lack of funding for public defender offices. The report helped me understand the problem and possible solutions. This is a primary source because it is an original investigation with first-hand observations of the issue. |
Report |
Salas, Nashla, comp. NYC’s Jail Population: Who’s There and Why? New York: Independent Budget Office of New York City, 2012. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/printnycbtn20.pdf. This brief report by the New York City Independent Budget Office lists several statistics for New York City jails. I used the staggering price of maintaining jails per inmate in a comparison with funding for public defenders to display the problems with underfunding public defender offices. The report is a secondary source as the statistics were compiled from other sources. |
Report |
Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defendants. Gideon’s Broken Promise: America’s Continuing Quest for Equal Justice. Chicago: American Bar Association, 2004. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/ This report, by the American Bar Association, describes the current situation of indigent defendants receiving poor legal counsel due to a lack of funding for public defender offices. The report helped me understand the problem and possible solutions. This is a primary source because it is an original investigation with first-hand observations of the issue. |
Images
Note that some images were cited under the source in which they were found if insufficient information was given.
Image |
Abe Krash. Photograph. National Law Journal. March 18, 2013. Accessed May 19, 2014. This is a photograph of Abe Krash, whom I interviewed and quoted. I used it as a visual on the page about his interview. Although Krash is a primary source, the photo is recent and not from the time period of the case, so this is a secondary source. |
Image |
Bay Harbor Poolroom. Photograph. Jack Blackman. March 18, 2013. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://joshblackman.com/blog/2013/03/18/constitutional-places-and-faces-gideon-v-wainwright-at-50-years. This is a photograph of the poolroom that Gideon was accused of breaking into. It was taken several years after the case, but it is still a primary source because it displays the building as it actually looked. It illustrates the setting to give viewers a better understanding of the location that started the entire controversy. |
Image |
Cortada, Xavier. Gideon v. Wainwright. Illustration. 2004. May It Please the Court. Supreme Court of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. Xavier Cortada's painting of Clarence Earl Gideon takes creative liberties in illustrating Gideon writing his petition. The exaggerations and abstract interpretations display the feelings of Americans about this case. It is a secondary source because it was created long after the time period. |
Image |
Dughi, Don. Portrait of Florida Division of Corrections Director Louis L. Wainwright, Jr. Photograph. 1973. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/103432. Louis Wainwright was the respondent in Gideon v. Wainwright as the director of the Florida Department of Corrections. This photograph shows him sitting in his office. It is a primary source because it shows a figure from the case during the time period. It allowed me to get a visual view of the major players in the Gideon case. |
Image |
Harris, George W., and Martha Ewing. Hugo La Fayette Black. Photograph. November 18, 1937. Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. Accessed January 22, 2014. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3a34024/. Hugo Black was the Supreme Court justice who wrote the Majority Opinion for Gideon. This photograph displays him in his robe as a Court justice. It is a primary source because it shows a figure from the case during the general time period. It allowed me to get a visual view of the major players in the Gideon case. |
Image |
Morse, Nathan. Bay County Public Defender's Office. Photograph. December 21, 2013. I took this photograph of the Public Defender's Office in Panama City while visiting the area to look at the Gideon sites. It is on the "Implications & Effects" page to show the direct effects of Gideon v. Wainwright in the city where it began. The photograph is a secondary source because it is not a firsthand account of the events of Gideon. (It is also not the original building of the Public Defender's office.) |
Image |
Morse, Nathan. The Poolroom Site Today. Photograph. December 2013. I took this photograph of the site of the poolroom that Gideon was accused of breaking into in Panama City while visiting the area to look at the Gideon sites. It is on the "Gideon's Trial" page to show help illustrate the impoverished area where Gideon lived. The photograph is a secondary source because it was taken long after Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Map & Chart |
Morse, Nathan. "States' Opinions of Gideon v. Wainwright." Map. 2014. This map displays the states that sided with Gideon, those that sided with Florida, and those that did not respond when asked. I created the map using data from Defending Gideon. It is on the "States' Opinions" page to show the surprising support for Gideon. It is a secondary source because it was created long after the time period. |
Image |
Okamoto, Yoichi. Abe Fortas Smokes Cigarette in Meeting. Photograph. 1964. Stock Photo IH038600. Corbis Images. New York. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/IH038600/abe-fortas-smokes-cigarette-in-meeting. This photograph of Abe Fortas shows the high-profile attorney smoking a cigarette in a meeting. His confidence and personality are brilliantly represented in the picture, allowing me to get a better understanding of his character. This is a primary source because it is from the time period of Gideon and it displays an actual figure from the case. |
Image |
Parada, Roberto. Clarence Earl Gideon. Illustration. American Bar Association Journal. March 1, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/fifty_years_after_gideon_lawyers_still_struggle_to_provide_counsel/. This painting illustrates Gideon in front of the courtroom of the Supreme Court, his face saddened yet hopeful. It is a good visual for understanding the feelings that went into the case. Because it was created long after the case and after Gideon died, it is a secondary source. |
Image |
Samuel R. Wiseman. Photograph. Florida State University College of Law. Accessed May 17, 2014. http://www.law.fsu.edu/faculty/swiseman.html. This is a photograph of Samuel Wiseman, whom I interviewed and quoted. I used it as a visual on the page about his interview. The photograph is a secondary source as it is not from the era of the Gideon case. |
Image |
Tallahassee Democrat. Governor Farris Bryant Addressing Joint Assembly of the Florida Legislature. Photograph. April 2, 1963. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. This photograph shows the opening day of Florida's legislature in 1963, the session that established a public defender system in Florida. Florida was the epicenter of the case, and this picture helps to visualize the developments following the decision. Originally published by the local newspaper of Tallahassee and hosted on the internet by the State Archives, this picture is a primary source of the 1963 events. |
Image |
Wisner, Woody. Portrait of Clarence Earl Gideon. Photograph. 1961. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. Accessed February 9, 2014. http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/35169. This is a photograph of Clarence Earl Gideon taken shortly after his arrest in 1961. It shows the pain and emotion that he experienced surrounding the situation and gave me a visual of his feelings and appearance. This is a primary source because it was originally taken as a photo for government records. |
Film & Audio
Website, Audio |
Chicago-Kent College of Law. "Gideon v. Wainwright." The Oyez Project. Accessed March 19, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1962/1962_155#sort=seniority. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, summarizes the Gideon case and contains recordings of the oral arguments. It is a secondary source because much of the content was compiled recently based on research. The oral arguments were helpful for understanding the points and opinions of each side. |
Film |
Defending Gideon. Directed by Rebecca Richman Cohen. New Media Advocacy Project, 2013. Accessed December 8, 2013. http://www.constitutionproject.org/publications-resources/defending-gideon/. This documentary describes the Gideon case using illustrations and footage from the actual time. At least half of the film focuses on later developments, but I mainly used the explanation and analysis of Gideon. Although it includes many primary sources, it is a secondary source because it was made fifty years later by people who were never there. |
Film |
Due Process. "Let's Make a Deal: The Plea Bargain." Rutgers. December 9, 2012. Produced by Sandra King. Although this video was produced by a local news station from New Jersey, it has an excellent illustration of the problems with plea bargains. I included a short clip in the “Plea Bargains” page. Viewing this video allowed me to understand and explain how Gideon contributed to the increased use of plea bargains. This is a secondary source. |
Film |
Gideon's Trumpet. Directed by Robert L. Collins. Worldvision, 1980. Gideon's Trumpet is a 1980 movie recreating the Gideon case. The facts and events depicted in the film are accurate, but I mainly used the movie for visual illustrations of the Gideon case. It is a secondary source because it does not contain original footage; it is a recreation of what actually happened. |
Film |
Gideon's Trumpet: The Poor Man and the Law. Narrated by Martin Agronsky. CBS, 1964. This film, produced by CBS, recreated many of the scenes from the Gideon case and showed interviews with Gideon and other major players in the case. It gave me a better understanding of the opinions and short-term effects of Gideon v. Wainwright with audiovisuals. It is a primary source because it was made in the actual time of this topic and it expresses the views as people saw it then. |
Film |
Jacob, Bruce R. "50th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright." Speech presented at University of Florida College of Law, Gainesville, FL, September 19, 2013. C-Span. Video file, 55:24. Posted by C-span, September 19, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Gid. Bruce Jacob was the attorney for Wainwright, arguing Florida's position to the Supreme Court. In this video, he describes this experience to an audience of law students and professors fifty years later. This is a primary source because it is personal reflection. It gave me a better understanding of the issue from his perspective. |
Audio Podcast |
Johnson, Carrie. "50 Years after Key Case, Problems Defending the Poor Persist." NPR Morning Edition. Podcast audio. March 15, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.npr.org/2013/03/15/174331300/50-years-after-key-case-problems-defending-the-poor-persist. In this audio podcast from NPR, the host and a speaker discuss a possible solution to help implement Gideon more fully. It provides more opinions on the issue of indigent defense today. This is a secondary source because it is not from the time period of Gideon. |
Film |
Key Constitutional Concepts. Produced by Robe Imbriano. PJ Productions, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2013. http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/key-constitutional-concepts. This is an education video with four sections, one of which is about the Gideon v. Wainwright case. It was particularly helpful explaining the specifics and significance of the Court's decision. The video is a secondary source because it is based on research and not original experience. |
Film, Article |
Levintova, Hannah, Jaeah Lee, and Brett Brownwell. "Charts: Why You're in Deep Trouble If You Can't Afford a Lawyer." Mother Jones (San Francisco), May 16, 2013. Accessed December 12, 2013. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/05/public-defenders-gideon-supreme-court-charts. This investigative video and article discusses the extent to which the Gideon ruling still holds effect today. It is a secondary source because it is based on primary sources. The charts and data were useful for understanding the effects from a statistical perspective. |
Audio Podcast |
Neary, Lynn. "After 50 Years, a State of Crisis for the Right to Counsel." NPR Talk of the Nation. Podcast audio. March 19, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2014. http://www.npr.org/2013/03/19/174753333/after-50-years-a-state-of-crisis-for-the-right-to-counsel. This is an audio report by NPR in which host Lynn Neary interviews Stephen Bright, an advocate for indigent defendants. He summarizes the Gideon case and explains problems fulfilling its implications. I mainly found useful his summary of the case and its effects, but his concerns with the problems today were also of use. Most of the information that I used was secondary source material because it was based on research. |
Film |
PBS Frontline. "The Plea." WGBH Boston. June 17, 2004. Produced by Ofra Bikel. This PBS television program investigates the current problems with plea bargaining. I learned how Gideon contributed to the increased use of plea bargaining, allowing me to understand the critiques instead of just the benefits of the Gideon decision. This is a secondary source as it is not original from the Gideon case. |
Film |
Porter, Dawn, dir. Gideon's Army. Trilogy Films, 2013. Gideon's Army is a recent critically acclaimed documentary highlighting the struggles facing states today with implementing the Gideon decision. I used it to understand the challenges for public defenders and possible solutions. This was created long after the time of the Gideon case, but because I was using it to research present-day issues, and this video is a direct firsthand view of these issues, it is a primary source. |
Film |
Section of Litigation. "The 50th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright." American Bar Association. Video file, 1:04:41. January 18, 2013. Accessed March 7, 2014. http://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/events_cle/live-streaming.html. This is a video showing a conference discussing the extent to which Gideon is working today. It is a secondary source because much of it is not original research, even though it does contain primary sources. The video helped me understand the different opinions and perspectives of Gideon v. Wainwright today. |
Audio |
Shapiro, Joseph. "As Court Fees Rise, The Poor Are Paying The Price." NPR: All Things Considered. Podcast audio. May 19, 2014. Accessed May 20, 2014.http://www.npr.org/2014/05/19/312158516/increasing-court-fees-punish-the-poor. In this audio news podcast, NPR host Joseph Shapiro explains that many states are charging indigent defendants for public defender services. This is startling news that broadens my understanding of the situation of indigent defense today. This is a secondary source as it required other sources for research. |
Websites
Website |
Bergman, Paul. "Felonies, Misdemeanors, and Infractions: Classifying Crimes." NOLO: Law for All. Last modified 2004. Accessed March 15, 2014. http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/crimes-felonies-misdemeanors-infractions-classification-33814.html. This online article, sponsored by Nolo, explains the differences between felonies and misdemeanors. I was able to quote its definitions to explain those differences. It is a secondary source, as it does not directly relate to Gideon. |
Website |
Bikel, Ofra. "The Plea: Introduction." Frontline. Last modified June 17, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plea/etc/synopsis.html. This is the website of “The Plea,” a PBS documentary from the series Frontline. Sponsored by PBS, the pages of this site explain what plea bargains are as well as the pros and cons of using them instead of criminal trials. The website helped me understand how Gideon influenced the rise of plea bargains and why that’s important. |
Website |
Chicago-Kent College of Law. "Arsenger v. Hamlin." The Oyez Project. Last modified December 29, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_70_5015. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, briefly summarizes Argersinger v. Hamiln (1971), which was a subsequent case that expanded on the Gideon ruling. The secondary source provided me with basic information so I could understand the Argersinger case. |
Website |
———. "Miranda v. Arizona." The Oyez Project. Accessed May 19, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1965/1965_759. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, explains Miranda v. Arizona, a subsequent case that was influenced by Gideon. It allowed me to see why Gideon was important even in future cases. This is a secondary source as it was compiled recently. |
Website |
———. "Scott v. Illinois." The Oyez Project. Last modified December 29, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1978/1978_77_1177. This webpage, sponsored by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, briefly summarizes Scott v. Illinois (1978), which was a subsequent case that expanded on the Gideon ruling. The secondary source provided me with basic information so I could understand the Scott case. |
Website |
Cohen, Andrew. "The Lawyer Who Won by Losing." Esquire. Last modified March 22, 2013. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/bruce-jacob-gideon-case-profile-032213. Sponsored by Esquire, Andrew Cohen's article about Bruce Jacob explains the Florida attorney's experience representing Wainwright and its impacts on him. I mainly used this secondary source for the picture of Jacob, but the article also gave me deeper insights about the process of the case. |
Website |
Florida's 2nd Circuit Public Defender Office. "Homepage." 2nd Circuit Public Defender. Accessed March 18, 2014. http://flpd2.com. This webpage, sponsored by the Public Defender's Office of the Second Circuit of Florida, contains an image and information about Nancy Daniels, the chief public defender of the greater Tallahassee area, whom I spoke with via e-mail. I mainly used the secondary source for the picture of Nancy Daniels. |
Website |
Kornwitz, Jason. "The Lasting Impact of Historic Gideon Ruling." News at Northeastern. Last modified March 18, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.northeastern.edu/news/2013/03/gideonwainwright/. Sponsored by Northeastern University, this article briefly summarizes the Gideon case and presents three questions and answers relating to the current status of Gideon's effects. I mainly used it to understand this current status and what could be done to improve it. This article is a secondary source as the author did not personally experience Gideon's effects. |
Website |
McBride, Alex. "Landmark Cases: Gideon v. Wainwright." PBS: The Supreme Court. Accessed November 29, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_gideon.html. This is an article on PBS covering the entire Gideon case, from his arrest to the effects of the ruling. It is a secondary source because it was written long after the case and relies on primary sources. It helps me understand the implications of the Supreme Court’s decision from a broad perspective. |
Website |
Missouri Bar. "The 50th Anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright." Missouri Bar. Last modified 2013. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.mobar.org/gideon. The Missouri Bar created a webpage briefly describing the Gideon case with videos and a timeline. I used several of the images in my website. It is a secondary source because it was created fifty years after the case using primary sources. |
Website |
Monk, Linda R. "Due Process Clause, Equal Protection Clause, and Disenfranchising Felons." Constitution USA with Peter Sagal. Last modified March 25, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.pbs.org/tpt/constitution-usa-peter-sagal/equality/due-process-equal-protection-and-disenfranchisement. This website, sponsored by PBS, explains the concept of due process. I used it to define the Due Process Clause and to develop my understanding of this concept. It is a secondary source. |
Website |
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. "Gideon 50th Anniversary." Foundation for Criminal Justice. Last modified July 27, 2012. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.nacdl.org/gideon. This website, sponsored by the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, has a brief article about a celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Gideon v. Wainwright and a PDF file of the transcript of Gideon's original trial. I integrated this transcript into my website and it gave me a better understanding of the trial that started the entire case. The website is a secondary source. |
Website |
President and Fellows of Harvard College. "Profile: Paul Butler ’86 Used to Put People Away—Now He Wants to Set Them Free." Harvard Law Bulletin. Last modified 2010. Accessed March 15, 2014. http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2010/summer/cn_03.php. This webpage, sponsored by Harvard University, briefly talks about Paul Butler, a critic of the Gideon decision. I mainly used it for the photograph of Butler. It is a secondary source. |
Website |
Stetson University. "Bruce R. Jacob." Stetson Law. Accessed March 18, 2014. http://www.stetson.edu/law/faculty/jacob-bruce-r. This webpage, sponsored by Steston University, briefly talks about Bruce Jacob, an attorney in the Gideon case. I mainly used it for the photograph of Jacob. It is a secondary source. |
Website |
United States Department of Justice. "Felony Defendants." Bureau of Justice Statistics. Last modified March 16, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2014. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=231. This online article, sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, explains what felonies are. I was able to quote its definitions to explain what a felony is. It is a secondary source, as it does not directly relate to Gideon. |
Court Cases
Court Case |
Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942). Accessed December 8, 2013. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0316_0455_ZS.html. Betts v. Brady was a previous court decision that was overturned by Gideon v. Wainwright. In this majority opinion, the Supreme Court explains its decision to uphold a lower court's decision not to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant. It is a primary source because it is the actual opinion of the Supreme Court in a relevant case. I used it to understand the ruling that was overturned by the Gideon case and to help analyze the differing viewpoints on the issue. |
Court Case |
Gideon v. Cochran, 135 So.2d 746 (Supreme Court of Florida 1961). This is the court case that Gideon originally brought to the Florida Supreme Court in October 1961. The case shows the steps Gideon took before filing the major Gideon v. Wainwright decision. It is a primary source because it is from the time period. |
Court Case |
Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 355 (1963). Accessed March 7, 2014. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/372/335. Gideon's court case to the Supreme Court included the arguments and the majority opinion written by Justice Hugo L. Black. It is a primary source because it includes actual documents and proceedings that were used in the effort to expand rights and responsibilities. I used the majority opinion to get a fuller view of the reasoning behind the Court's ruling in favor of Gideon. |
Court Case |
Gideon v. Wainwright, 153 So.2d 299 (Supreme Court of Florida 1963). Accessed March 19, 2014. https://www.courtlistener.com/fla/9SHe/gideon-v-wainwright. This document is the opinion of the Supreme Court of Florida following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Gideon v. Wainwright. The opinion explains the Florida Supreme Court's justification for originally denying Gideon's petition, and it also briefly states the implications relating to Gideon and Florida. The primary source was most helpful in understanding why the Florida Supreme Court turned down Gideon's original petition in 1962. |
Court Case |
Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932). Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/287/45. Powell v. Alabama was the first major Supreme Court case to grant rights to indigent defendants, and Justice Black used much of the rationale from the Powell decision in his own majority opinion for Gideon. I used the majority opinion of Powell to gain a better understanding of the precedents that had already been set. This is a primary source because it is an actual document used in the topic. |
Court Case |
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Accessed May 17, 2014. Strickland was a subsequent Supreme Court case that established the requirements for adequate counsel. Gideon only stated that all indigents must have counsel; Strickland ruled that counsel must be adequate. The majority opinion of this case shows how Gideon influenced later Supreme Court cases. This case is a primary source because it is a firsthand example of Gideon's lasting effects. |
Documents
Letter |
Gideon, Clarence Earl. Clarence Earl Gideon to Florida Supreme Court, "Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus," October 16, 1961. Case 31116. Florida Supreme Court Case Files. Tallahassee, FL. This is a petition by Clarence Earl Gideon for the Florida Supreme Court to hear his case, saying that he was denied his constitutional right to representation by the Court of Bay County. The primary source spells out exactly what he is protesting and the circumstances behind his situation, from his personal perspective. |
Letter |
———. Clarence Earl Gideon to U.S. Supreme Court, "Petition for a Writ of Certiorari," January 5, 1962. 597554. National Archives. Washington, D.C. This is a petition by Clarence Earl Gideon for the U.S. Supreme Court to hear his case after the Florida Supreme Court denied him. Gideon says that he was denied his constitutional right to representation by the Court of Bay County and then by the State of Florida. The primary source spells out exactly what he is protesting and the circumstances behind his situation, from his personal perspective. |
Letter |
McCrary, Robert L. Robert L. McCrary to Bruce Jacob, 1962. In a personal letter to the attorney for Florida in the Supreme Court case, the judge who presided over Gideon's original trial explains his decision to deny Gideon's request for counsel. It is a primary source because it was the actual opinion of someone during the events. It shows the reasoning for denying the request, displaying more perspectives on the issue. |
Document |
U.S. Const. amend. V, VI, XIV. Accessed January 28, 2014. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html. The U.S. Constitution has a few amendments in particular that were the basis of Gideon v. Wainwright: Amendment V (Due Process Clause), Amendment VI (Assistance of Counsel), and Amendment XIV (Equal Protection Clause). The Constitution is a primary source because it is the actual document being referenced in the case. Reading these key amendments allowed me to understand the background of the case. |
Document |
United States Supreme Court. United States Supreme Court to Supreme Court of Florida, court mandate, "Mandate from the United States Supreme Court," April 15, 1963. Florida Memory. State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. This is the mandate that the U.S. Supreme Court sent to Florida following the Gideon decision, informing Florida's Supreme Court that its lower decision had been overruled and that the state must now act consistently with the decision. It is a primary source and gave me a direct statement of the rights granted in the decision, and thus the responsibilities that Florida and other states now had to fulfill. |
Speeches & Interviews
Interview |
Daniels, Nancy. E-mail interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. January 28, 2013. Nancy Daniels leads the Public Defender office of the Second Circuit of Florida, which includes Tallahassee, the capital of the state where Gideon v. Wainwright began. I spoke with her via email, and she provided valuable analysis and opinions on the implications of Gideon as it applies to her office. She is a primary source because all of the information and viewpoints she gives are based on first-hand observations and experiences. |
Speech |
Holder, Eric. "Speech." Speech presented at National Summit on Indigent Defense, New Orleans, February 4, 2012. U.S. Department of Justice. Last modified February 4, 2012. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag-speech-120204.html. This is the transcript for a speech by Eric Holder, the current U.S. Attorney General, at the National Summit on Indigent Defense in 2012. It is hosted on the Department of Justice website. In it, Holder gives his opinion on the situation of indigent defense and states that public defenders do not have the resources to properly defend clients. This helps me understand the current situation of the extent of the effectiveness of Gideon today. The speech is a secondary source because Holder uses information compiled from other sources. |
Interview |
Jacob, Bruce R. E-mail interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. March 18, 2014. This e-mail interview with Bruce Jacob cleared up some confusing details about the Gideon case for me. I also quoted some of Jacob's responses throughout my website. It is a primary source because Jacob was one of the attorneys in Gideon v. Wainwright. |
Interview |
Krash, Abe. Telephone interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. May 19, 2014. I spoke with Abe Krash to get an idea of the Gideon case from his perspective. He explained his role (he was an assistant to Gideon's attorney), how the Gideon decision impacted constitutional interpretation, and the current situation of indigent defense. Krash is a primary source because he was involved in the actual case. |
Speech |
Kennedy, Robert F. Speech, New England Conference on the Defense of Indigent Persons Accused, Parker House, Boston, November 1, 1963. In this speech by Robert F. Kennedy, the Attorney General addresses legal issues of poor people, with emphasis on the recent Gideon v. Wainwright decision. It is a primary source because it was the opinion of a person from the actual time period. I used it to understand the different opinions of people on the case. |
Interview |
Wainwright, Louie L. Interview by the author. Westminster Oaks, Tallahassee, FL. March 10, 2014. Louie Wainwright was the respondent in Gideon v. Wainwright. I interviewed him in person, and he was able to explain the effects and implications of Gideon from the perspective of both an informed American and the Director of the Florida Department of Corrections. He is a primary source because he was a major figure from the case and the time period. |
Interview |
Wiseman, Samuel. Telephone interview by the author. Tallahassee, FL. May 16, 2014. Samuel Wiseman is a professor of law at the Florida State University. He told me about the implications and effects of Gideon as well as the current situation of indigent defense, allowing me to understand the case from a legal and constitutional perspective. He is a secondary source, since his information was based on other sources. |